جامعة بلاد الرافدين - Bilad Alrafidain University - أ. م. د. مهند علي حمدون كشموله

أ. م. د. مهند علي حمدون كشموله

Assist. Prof Dr. Muhanad Ali Hamdon Kashmola

عميد : طب الاسنان

Dean : Collage of Dentistry

دكتوراه طب الاسنان

PhD in Dentistry

makash59.dent@bauc14.edu.iq

makash59@gmail.com

السيرة الذاتية

نشاطات التدريسي

البحوث المنشورة

المؤلفات

المقررات المكلف بها

المحاضرات

مشاريع التخرج

المقالات داخل المجلة

المقررات المكلف بها

المقررات المكلف بها - 1

القسم	المرحلة	الفصل	رمز المقرر	الوحدات	توصيف	المقرر
طب الاسنان	المرحلة الرابعة	سنوي		7		Oral Pathology امراض الفم

المحاضرات الالكترونية

المحاضرات الالكترونية - 15

العام	المقرر	القسم	المرحلة	المحاضرة
2024-2025	Oral Pathology امراض الفم	طب الاسنان	المرحلة الرابعة	Squamous cell carcinoma and other malignant epithelial neoplasms
2024-2025	Oral Pathology امراض الفم	طب الاسنان	المرحلة الرابعة	Epithelial Hyperplasia, atrophy and dysplasia
2024-2025	Oral Pathology امراض الفم	طب الاسنان	المرحلة الرابعة	Benign epithelial lesions, leukoplakia
2024-2025	Oral Pathology امراض الفم	طب الاسنان	المرحلة الرابعة	Odontogenic tumors 2
2024-2025	Oral Pathology امراض الفم	طب الاسنان	المرحلة الرابعة	Odontogenic tumors 1
2024-2025	Oral Pathology امراض الفم	طب الاسنان	المرحلة الرابعة	Non odontogenic cysts
2024-2025	Oral Pathology امراض الفم	طب الاسنان	المرحلة الرابعة	Odontogenic cysts
2024-2025	Oral Pathology امراض الفم	طب الاسنان	المرحلة الرابعة	Developmental disorder of soft and hard tissue
2024-2025	Oral Pathology امراض الفم	طب الاسنان	المرحلة الرابعة	Developmental disorder of teeth
2024-2025	Oral Pathology امراض الفم	طب الاسنان	المرحلة الرابعة	Osteomyelitis
2024-2025	Oral Pathology امراض الفم	طب الاسنان	المرحلة الرابعة	Periapical lesions
2024-2025	Oral Pathology امراض الفم	طب الاسنان	المرحلة الرابعة	Pulpitis
2024-2025	Oral Pathology امراض الفم	طب الاسنان	المرحلة الرابعة	Dental Caries
2024-2025	Oral Pathology امراض الفم	طب الاسنان	المرحلة الرابعة	Healing in oral pathology
2024-2025	Oral Pathology امراض الفم	طب الاسنان	المرحلة الرابعة	Biopsy in oral pathology

البحوث

	2025	IIUM Journal of Orofacial and Health Sciences
Oral mucosal lesions (OMLs) are prevalent across different populations worldwide, with varying frequencies in different regions. This study aims to evaluate the frequency of OMLs and analyse their distribution concerning age, gender, race, and systemic conditions. A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on patients who attended the Oral Medicine students’ polyclinic, International Islamic University Malaysia, over a period of seven years. Data from a total of 85 patients were collected and analysed using descriptive statistical methods. The analysis included patient demographics such as age, gender, race, systemic diseases, as well as the types and sites of oral mucosal lesions (OMLs). OMLs were categorized into four main groups: ulcers, white lesions, infections, and others. Among the data collected from eighty-five patients, the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions was found to be higher in females than in males. The most common lesions were ulcers (65.9%), followed by infections (19.4%), white lesions (13.6%), and others (12.6%). Ulcers were predominantly found in individuals aged 15–30 years, whereas white lesions, infections, and other types were more frequent in the 31–60 age group. No significant association was found between systemic conditions and lesion types. Ulcers commonly appeared in multiple locations (37.5%), white lesions were most frequently found on the buccal mucosa (35.7%), infections were primarily observed on the hard palate (40.0%), and other lesions occurred most often on the labial mucosa (30.7%). Ulcers were the most prevalent type of oral mucosal lesions; however, no significant correlation was found between OMLs and systemic conditions.

	2025	Journal of International Dental and Medical Research
Abstract The aim of this study is to assess oral cancer and oral potentially malignant disorder (OPMD) awareness among undergraduate clinical dental students in Kulliyyah of Dentistry, International Islamic University Malaysia, as well as to correlate if the year of study has influence on their clinical practice pertaining to the oral cancer and oral potentially malignant disorder (OPMD) detection and prevention. A validated questionnaire which tested oral cancer and oral potentially malignant disorders awareness was given to the clinical dental students, the third, fourth and fifth year students of the Kulliyyah of Dentistry, IIUM. A total of 148 students participated in this survey. Knowledge score of oral cancer and OPMD was generated from correct responses assessed from 41 items in the survey, meanwhile the clinical practice aspect was determined through a score of (0-40). Knowledge scores ranged from 18-41 (mean: 30.29, SD:3.835) where the mean knowledge scores are not significant among the three groups. Attitude scores ranged from 21-38 (mean: 30.05, SD:3.341), where the mean of clinical practice scores is also insignificant among the three groups. The ability and confidence to diagnose and recognize suspicious oral lesions did not correlate with their level of study (r=0.037, p>0.05). Thus, this study justified the importance of continuous clinical exposure and ample clinical practices for dental students to master and improve their knowledge on oral cancer detection and prevention. Clinical article (J Int Dent Med Res 2025; 18(1): 259-267) Keywords: Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD), oral cancer, awareness, Malaysia.

	2025	European Journal of Dentistry
Objective Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the prevailing type of oral cancer, representing poor prognosis and elevated mortality rates. Major risk factors for OSCC include the use of tobacco products, alcohol consumption, betel quid chewing, and genetic mutation. Goniothalamus umbrosus is traditionally consumed by cancer patients to fight against tumor growth. To date, research on the anticancer potential of G. umbrosus in oral cancer remains deficient. This study aimed to evaluate the anticancer potential of G. umbrosus in OSCC cell lines (SCC-15 and HSC-3) and compare its cytotoxic activity on human gingival fibroblast (HGF) cell lines. Material and Methods Leaves of G. umbrosus were cleaned, air dried, ground, and soaked for 24 hours with methanol and hexane repeatedly three times, respectively. Pooled extracts of each solvent were then dried with a rotary evaporator. Anticancer potential of G. umbrosus extracts was evaluated on two OSCC cell lines (SCC-15 and HSC- 3) and a normal HGF cell line incubated for 24, 48, and 72 hours by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol- 2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The cytotoxicity of cisplatin was assessed as a positive control. Morphological changes of cells were observed under an inverted microscope. Results MTT assay revealed that G. umbrosus methanol extract (GUME) displayed moderate anticancer activity on SCC-15, HSC-3, and HGF cell lines with IC50 values of 126.67, 90.5, and 87.33 μg/mL following 72 hours’ incubation times, respectively. G. umbrosus hexane extract (GUHE) exerted moderate anticancer activity against SCC-15 and HSC-3 cell lines with IC50 values of 171 and 174 μg/mL, respectively, but weak cytotoxicity against the HGF cell line with IC50 value of 343.5 μg/mL. Cisplatin exerted a strong cytotoxic impact on both OSCC and HGF cell lines. Morphological observation revealed the characteristics of cells undergoing apoptosis

	2023	Journal of Baghdad College of Dentistry,
Objective Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the prevailing type of oral cancer, representing poor prognosis and elevated mortality rates. Major risk factors for OSCC include the use of tobacco products, alcohol consumption, betel quid chewing, and genetic mutation. Goniothalamus umbrosus is traditionally consumed by cancer patients to fight against tumor growth. To date, research on the anticancer potential of G. umbrosus in oral cancer remains deficient. This study aimed to evaluate the anticancer potential of G. umbrosus in OSCC cell lines (SCC-15 and HSC-3) and compare its cytotoxic activity on human gingival fibroblast (HGF) cell lines. Material and Methods Leaves of G. umbrosus were cleaned, air dried, ground, and soaked for 24 hours with methanol and hexane repeatedly three times, respectively. Pooled extracts of each solvent were then dried with a rotary evaporator. Anticancer potential of G. umbrosus extracts was evaluated on two OSCC cell lines (SCC-15 and HSC- 3) and a normal HGF cell line incubated for 24, 48, and 72 hours by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol- 2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The cytotoxicity of cisplatin was assessed as a positive control. Morphological changes of cells were observed under an inverted microscope. Results MTT assay revealed that G. umbrosus methanol extract (GUME) displayed moderate anticancer activity on SCC-15, HSC-3, and HGF cell lines with IC50 values of 126.67, 90.5, and 87.33 μg/mL following 72 hours’ incubation times, respectively. G. umbrosus hexane extract (GUHE) exerted moderate anticancer activity against SCC-15 and HSC-3 cell lines with IC50 values of 171 and 174 μg/mL, respectively, but weak cytotoxicity against the HGF cell line with IC50 value of 343.5 μg/mL. Cisplatin exerted a strong cytotoxic impact on both OSCC and HGF cell lines. Morphological observation revealed the characteristics of cells undergoing apoptosis.

	2023	Journal of International Dental and Medical Research
Abstract Hypertension is one of the most common chronic diseases worldwide. The prevalence of hypertension in the elderly is high and many of them are taking different types of antihypertensive medications including Amlodipine. Xerostomia and hyposalivation can have a detrimental effect on a patient’s quality of life leading to situations such as stress or anxiety. In this study, the relationship between Amlodipine as an antihypertensive drug and xerostomia in elderly patients was evaluated. 72 patients of both genders aged 65-75 taking amlodipine for the last 3 years were involved in the study. Those patients have shown xerostomia or hyposalivation in variable degrees. The percentage of xerostomia in the medicated hypertensive group of the present study was higher in males (22 %) than those in females (20 %) which was not significant (p = 0.705). However, a statistically significant difference (p = 0.003) between amlodipine and xerostomia status was observed which was higher in males (34.7 %) than that in females (26.4%). This study assures that elderly patients taking Amlodipine are at high risk of having xerostomia and hyposalivation

	2004	Iraqi J of Oral & Dent Sc 3 32-37.

	2003	J college dentistry 11 10-13

	2002	Iraqi Dent. J 29:155-163

	2002	Iraqi J of Oral & Dent Sc 1 51-60

	2001	Iraqi Dent J 28 53-65

	2001	Iraqi Dent J 27 39-50

	1999	Iraqi Dent. J

	2024	Greenfort International Journal of Applied Medical Science
Abstract: Background: The most common impacted teeth in adults are the mandibular third molars which frequently require surgical extraction. There are many factors contributing to the occurrence of postoperative complications, one of which is surgeon’s experience. Hence, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of postoperative complications of third molar extractions by different level of surgical experience. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted in Kulliyyah of Dentistry, International Islamic University Malaysia. A total of 112 cases were collected from the records of surgical extraction of lower third molars performed by dental students, dental officers and specialists, collected data was transferred into special case sheets and analyzed using IBM SPSS 23. Results: From 112 cases, 64(57.1%) had presented with postoperative complications. The highest prevalence of postoperative complications was in dental students’ group 38 out of 62 patients (61.3%), followed by specialists’ group 20 out of 39 patients (51.3%) and dental officers’ group 6 out of 11 patients (51.6%). Meanwhile, the common complications observed were pain (33.9%), swelling (20.5%), trismus (12.5%), paresthesia (6.3%) and bleeding (3.0%). Conclusions: There is no statistically significant correlation between the postoperative complications and the level of surgeons’ experience. Keywords: Postoperative, Complications, Lower third molar, Surgical extraction

	2022	European Journal of Dentistry
Objective This study aimed to examine the etiological factors of orofacial pain for patients attending dental clinic at Faculty of Dentistry, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM). Materials and Methods This retrospective study examined the data of 248 patients who have attended dental clinic at Faculty of Dentistry IIUM and suffering from different types of orofacial pain. The data were collected from January 2010 to November 2018. The etiologies of pain were classified according to International Classification of Orofacial Pain, 1st edition (2020). Statistical Analysis The association of age and gender with orofacial pain was evaluated by using the Chi-square test, and the significance level was set to 0.05. Results Collected data showed that orofacial pain has different etiologies among the patients attending the dental clinic at Faculty of Dentistry IIUM. Moreover, a statistically significant relation was observed between orofacial pain toward gender and different age group. Conclusion The findings proposed that the orofacial pain has a variety of etiological factors with the highest percentage of orofacial pain attributed to disorders of dentoalveolar and anatomically related structures among patients attending dental clinic at Faculty of Dentistry IIUM.

	2021	Journal of International Dental and Medical Research
Developmental dental defect can be defined as alteration of teeth from normal in term of number, size, shape and structure. Therefore, knowing the prevalence of developmental dental defect among population may assist in further management of oral health problem. The aim of this study was to explore the developmental dental defect in Malaysian patients in general and particularly among those who were attending at IIUM dental clinic. A cross-sectional descriptive and analytical study was carried with face-face interview, clinical examination and panoramic radiographic examination by Planmeca digital x-ray with Romexis software among 100 patients who were selected by inclusion and exclusion criteria from total 2300 patient attending IIUM dental clinic. All types of dental anomalies regarding number, size, shape and structure were recorded and analyzed by different races (Malay, Chinese, Indian) of Malaysian by chi square test. The most common types of dental anomalies encountered were cusp of carebelli (55%), dilacerations (54%), microdontia (38 %) and hypercementosis (38 %). There were no significant differences, (p> 0.05) regarding the types of developmental dental defect ; number(hypodontia, hyperdontia), size (microdontia, macrodontia), shape (fusion, dens evaginatus, cusp of carebelli, taurodontism, ectopic enamel, dilacerations, supernumerary roots, hypercementosis),and structure among different Malaysian races. Other uncommon types of dental anomalies found in the study were dens evaginatus (24%), ectopic enamel (20%), discoloration (20%), hypodontia (19%), supernumerary roots (13%), hyperdontia (11%), taurodontism (11%), macrodontia (7%), cocresence (2%), fusion (1%) and dens invaginatus (1%). There were also no significant differences (p>0.0.5) regarding the uncommon types of dental defects among races in Malaysia. In conclusion, cusp of carabelli, dilaceration, microdontia and hypercementosis were the major common dental anomalies in comparison to other type of anomalies. Majority of Malays, Chinese and Indians were observed to have cusp of carabelli and dilacerations.

	2021	Journal of International Dental and Medical Research
The worldwide increase in the aging population poses tough challenges to the health care community. Indeed, older age has been associated with increased burden of chronic diseases. A decline in the protective functions of the oral mucosa could expose the aging individual to a variety of pathogens and chemicals that enter the oral cavity. The role of mucosal immunity in the defence against pathogens is well established. However, there does not seem to be much research on the relationship between salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) and white lesion particularly among geriatric residents of long-term health care. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is the dominant immunoglobulin isotype on oral mucosal surface where it acts as a first line of defence against microbial invasion. Recent investigations suggest that secretory IgA concentrations vary over the day due to a range of variables including dietary factors, daily mood, and exercise. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship of sIgA level, and salivary pH with white lesion in bedridden patients. In this study, salivary IgA was determined by ELISA in samples of 34 elderly ( 60-80 years old ) subjects grouped as male and female . Unstimulated saliva was collected, saliva flow, PH, and sIgA concentrations were measured. The results showed that the sIgA concentration was significantly higher in patients with white lesion (536.97±88.63) comparing to those with healthy mucosa (323.79±64.01) , and there is no significant difference of sIgA concentration between male (476.46±145.58) and female (396.83±108.09). We concluded that early detection of oral health problems especially white lesion can be determined by the assessment of the sIgA level. This would reflect the salivary IgA protective mechanism in patients with white lesion problems.

	2020	Journal of International Dental and Medical Research
To evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of amalgam management by International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) clinical dental students. Materials and methods: Validated written questionnaires were distributed to the year 4 and year 5 students as well as lecturers who were involved in the clinical sessions. Data was collected over two months. Statistical analysis was conducted using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16.0 software. There were no significant differences between the students and clinical lecturers in terms of (1) knowledge of mercury exposure from amalgam and (2) amalgam handling practices (p > .05), except for the usage of high-volume evacuators and rubber dams as well as pouring of amalgam wastes from the filters into the sinks. As for amalgam-disposal practices, the responses were varied but there were no significant differences between the both groups as well (p > .05). Overall, 83% and 52.4% of the students disposed of non-contact and contact amalgam wastes respectively into closed containers which contained oil. Interestingly, 69.2% of the students claimed that they followed the prescribed amalgam management protocol at the clinic, even though 70.8% of them did not know the exact protocol and wanted to learn more about the same. The KAP of IIUM’s clinical dental students were not significantly different from those of the lecturers. However, the amalgam management protocol at the clinic should be revised to better organize the same

	2020	IIUM Journal of Orofacial and Health Sciences
This research was done to study the radiographic finding of the jaws amongst the patients attending at the polyclinic using Orthopanthomograph (OPG). The OPG was taken using the Planmeca Promax 3D and the Planmeca Romexis software (Version 2.1.1.R). The first step was collecting all the OPG images from 1st April 2009 until 31st January 2011. Then, the abnormal radiographs were further divided into 3 groups which were radiolucent, radiopaque and mixed. This classification includes site, size, border, and possible diagnosis as part of the lesion`s appearance. One thousand four hundred and five OPG images were retrieved, 96 images were discarded because of poor quality. The data collected were analyzed statistically by using SPSS Version 16.0. Among 77 abnormal radiographic images, 41 images were radiopaque, 30 images were radiolucent and 6 images were mixed. Out of 77 abnormal images, 34 images that showed bone lesion were from male patients while the rest which was 43 images from female. In conclusion, most of the pathological lesion occur in the mandible.

	2020	Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences
BACKGROUND: Wound healing includes phases such as cell migration, extracellular matrix deposition, remodeling, and angiogenesis. There are growing medicines that accelerate wound healing, significantly herbal medications that mainly safe and reliable. AIM: The aim of the study is to examine the histological changes induced by flaxseed oil during wound healing in diabetic animal model. METHODS: Forty-five male white New Zealand rabbits divided into two main groups diabetic and non-diabetic each group is divided into three groups (n = 9).Diabetic animal group include: (1) Study group (adding Flaxseed), (2) positive control group (adding fucidin 2% cream), and (3) negative control group (no treatment) same distribution of non-diabetic animals groups. Four linearshape,full-thickness wounds were made in both sides of the backbone skin in each animal. Tissue samples were obtained at days 4th, 7th, and 14th post wounding for microscopical analysis, histopathological parameters included inflammation, re-epithelialization, neovascularization, and surface closure rates. RESULTS: The study groups (using flax seed) in both diabetic and non-diabetic groups show significant reduction in inflammatory cells infiltration at day 14 (0.67 ± 0.753) (1.67 ± 0.516), and noticeable increase in wound closure rate (4.00+-0.000). Both diabetic and non-diabetic animal groups show high re-epithelialization potential at day 4 and day 7, respectively (2.00 ± 1.549; 4.00 ± 0.00). Diabetic animal study group using flaxseed shows high neovascularization rate at the day 14 (2.17 ± 0.753) compared with positive control diabetic animal group (2.00 ± 0.000). CONCLUSION: Topical application of flaxseed promoted healing process particularly in diabetic animal model by shortening inflammation phase, elevating surface closure rate, promoting re-epithelialization process, and enhancing neovascularization, flaxseed is suggested as a potential effective herbal base medication for facilitating wound healing.

	2019	Journal of International Dental and Medical Researc
Tooth impaction is failure of a tooth to erupt into its normal functioning positions within the expected time. It is a condition in which the unerupted or partially erupted tooth is positioned against another tooth, bone, or soft tissue so that complete eruption is unlikely. 1 To study the prevalence of mesioangular impacted mandibular third molar using Orthopanthomograph (OPG) among patients attending Polyclinic, Faculty of Dentistry, IIUM Kuantan Campus. A cross sectional retrospective study on Orthopanthomographic radiographs which were taken from April 2009 until April 2012. OPGs with impacted mandibular third molar were collected and classified according to Winter’s classification; and the angulation measured by Padhye, M. N. et al. (2003) method using Planmeca Romexis software. Then, the position of the mesioangular impaction was further classified using Pell and Gregory classification. Among total 1177 cases of impacted mandibular third molar, 38.1% cases were mesioangular impaction, 34.3% cases were vertical impaction, 18.4% cases were horizontal impaction and 9.3% cases were distoangular impaction. Out of 448 OPGs with mesioangular impaction, 244 were female patients and 204 were male patients. Mesioangular impaction was mostly seen in 20-30 age group. Among the 448 cases of mesioangular impaction, race distribution were91.9% Malay, 4.7% Chinese and 3.4% from other races. In term of Pell and Gregory classification, Class IA, IB, IC, IIA, IIB, IIC, IIIA, IIIB and IIIC were 28.1%, 7.4%, 2.2%, 17.4% ,29 %,6%, 3.8 % ,2.5% ,3.6 % respectively. There was no significant difference in gender and race (p > 0.05). The study indicated that the proportion of mesioangular mandibular third molar impaction was the highest among other types of impaction. Among the mesioangular impaction, Class IIB was the highest followed by IA, IIA, IB, IIC, IIIA, IIIC, IIIB, and IC. Although age influence was seen significantly among different classes of mesioangular impaction, no racial and gender influence was found.

	2019	International Medical Journal of Malaysia
ntroduction: Management of disturbed wounds, large skin defects and the areas where skin tension precludes wound closure is of high clinical importance. Healing in wounds occurs through epithelization and contraction processes (second-intentions healing) that may result in certain undesirable complications including keloid and formation of a fragile epithelial layer. Materials and methods: 27 white New Zealand rabbit included in this study divided into 3 groups; one group of 9 rabbits received Flaxseed gel topically for three time intervals (1, 7, and 14 days); a second group received Fucidin cream as positive control, while a third group has not received any treatment as negative control, Skin elasticity measurements were performed using the DermaLab system. Results: Throughout the study, skin elasticity was significantly greater in Flaxseed group than in others. Flaxseed decrease elasticity value from (3.46 ± 2.05). Hence, Young's modulus of skin elasticity in flaxseed group was (2.46 ± 1.02) after 14 days (p = 0.003), while no significant differences were evident in both Fucidin group (1.16 ± 0.77) and non-treated group (1.86 ± 1.40) (p = 0.019), accordingly flaxseed extract more reproducible than other groups demonstrating comparable efficacy in skin elasticity and distensibility. Conclusions: This study showed the therapeutic effect of flaxseed on biologic tissue. Elasticity evaluation demonstrated increased density and firmness in the network of collagen fibers in the dermis and subcutis during wound healing process promise in generating therapeutic gel to be used in wound healing process.

	2019	Journal of International Dental and Medical Research
Peripheral ameloblastoma is an extraosseus type, rare form of ameloblastoma that proliferates on the soft tissue of tooth bearing region. It is usually an exophytic odontogenic tumour that exhibits with either smooth or irregular surface and is mainly located in the mandibular region namely the gingival area. This lesion is mainly limited by the periosteum but a larger lesion can have features of bony marginal saucerization as well as displacement of teeth. We hereby report a case of recurring peripheral ameloblastoma on the mandibular left premolar region in a 37 year-old Malay gentleman seen at the Kulliyyah of Dentistry, International Islamic University Malaysia

	2018	Brazilian Journal of Oral Sciences
Recurrent Aphthous Ulcer (RAU) is a common oral pathology that produces pain which affects the lifestyle of the patient. Its aetiology and pathogenesis still remain unclear. A considerable number of treatments are available with the main goal directed towards pain relief. Previous studies on RAU treatment using low level laser therapy (LLLT) show immediate pain relief after application. Aim: This study aims to evaluate and compare treatment effectiveness in relieving pain provided by Waterlase (BIOLASE) LLLT and conventional topical corticosteroid using Triamcinolone Acetonide 0.1% dental paste. Methods: Thirty (30) volunteered patients of age between 18-27 years old were divided into two groups. Each group consists of 15 patients with 7 males and 8 females. Group 1 patients were treated by using LLLT while group 2 patients were treated by using triamcinolone acetonide 0.1%. The patient’s details, pain intensity and clinical photographs were recorded in a specially prepared case sheet. Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare significance in pain reduction provided by both methods of treatment. Results: Both groups showed significant pain reduction immediately, day 3 and day 7. Higher reduction in pain intensity was observed immediately (p=0.001) and 3 days (p=0.002) after treatment in group 1 patients (LLLT) compared to group 2 patients (triamcinolone acetonide 0.1%). Conclusion: Waterlase (BIOLASE) LLLT is clinically more effective in relieving pain compared to Triamcinolone Acetonide 0.1%.

	2018	Journal of International Dental and Medical Research
Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) is a collective term that embracing a number of clinical problems that involve the masticatory muscles, Temporomandibular Joint (TMJs), and the associated structures. It characterized by facial pain in the area of TMJ and muscle of mastication, restriction and sound during mandibular movement. Recently physical therapy such as Low Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) is used as one of the treatment modalities and it is believed to promote wound healing, tissue repair and induce analgesia. Convenience sampling was used which consist of 22 volunteered patients, 14 were treated with conventional treatment and 8 were treated with combination of LLLT and conventional therapy. Laser machine used was Waterlase/Biolase © 2007 with irradiation 0.5 W- 30 Hz daily for three consecutive days, then once a week review treatment for two weeks. The space between laser beam and skin is 3 cm, applied as small circles for 2-3 minutes. Pain intensity before and after the treatment was recorded by using numerical rating scale (NRS). Statistical data analysis was conducted using SPSS software. Wilcoxon-sign ranked-test and Mann-Whitney U test were used. Pain intensity was reduced significantly in patients whom treated by combination of LLLT and conventional therapy. (p<0.05). Pain intensity after treatment for female were higher (M=1.20, SD=1.10) than for male (M=0.00, SD=0.00). Younger patients have higher pain intensity than older patients. LLLT is effective to be used as adjunct to the current conventional treatment in relieving pain in TMDs.

	2018	IIUM Medical Journal Malaysia
ntroduction: Temporomandibular joint dysfunction (TMD) is regarded as multifactorial in origin and this may influence the diagnosis and treatment plan. Early detection of TMD with suitable management may provide good response. This study was to relate demographic factors, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, stage of detection and treatment modalities on review outcome. Materials and Methods: 71 TMD patients were selected from Oral Medicine and Oral Pathology clinics. Patients’ details were recorded. Staging of patients was done based on guidelines by American Society of Temporomandibular Joint Surgeons (ASTMJS). Treatment modalities including selftherapy, occlusal splint and medication proposed to patients were based on their signs and symptoms. Prosthetic rehabilitation was indicated for free-end extension ridge. Treatment outcomes measure recommended by International Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons (IAOMS) was used during review visit. Results: Female showed higher incidence of TMD compared to male, with ratio of 2.5:1. 46(64.79%) patients were detected at early stage. Patients in their twenties [54(76.06%)] had the highest occurrence of TMD. Treatment modalities were correlated with signs and symptoms (p= 0.046), stage of detection (p= 0.030), and diagnosis (p= 0.023). Multiple regression displayed significant association on improvement of patients’ condition after treatment, mediated by stage of detection (r = - 0.216). 30(42.25%) patients detected at early stage had improvement of (on) signs and symptoms. Conclusion(s): Demographic factors contributed to incidence of TMD. Treatment plans were related to patients' condition, diagnosis and stage of detection. Early detection of TMD with proper management/s influenced patients’ condition.

	2019	Journal of International Dental and Medical Research
Failure of tooth to erupt into the dental arch within expected time is referred to as impaction. The most common reasons for tooth impaction include tooth follicle displacement, impaction due to crowding, tooth may be missing and infrequent extraction of lower first and second molar. Other reasons include retention or premature loss of deciduous teeth and other causes. The most commonly affected teeth are the lower third molars, maxillary canines, maxillary second premolars and supernumerary teeth. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of impacted tooth through Orthopanthomograph (OPG) images among patients attending the Polyclinic Faculty of Dentistry (FOD), IIUM Kuantan Campus. A retrospective study was carried using OPG images. Of the 2722 OPG images, 1248 OPGs that fulfilled the inclusion criteria which were taken from patients who attended at Polyclinic of FOD from 1st April 2009 until 31st May 2012. Then, it was classified into the types of tooth impaction according to their age, gender and race. All the collected data has been analyzed using SPSS Version 20.0. Of the 1248 OPG images selected, the total OPGs with tooth impaction were 528. The most common impacted tooth was mandibular third molar (68%), followed by maxillary third molar (26%), maxillary canine (1.8%), mandibular supernumerary tooth (0.9%) and mandibular second premolar (0.7%). The tooth impaction also had significant differences (p<0.05) regarding to age, sex and race. The cases more common in age group of 18 to 24 years old (57%) and female (66%) population. Prevalence of impacted tooth cases is relatively high in Polyclinic Faculty of Dentistry, IIUM Kuantan Campus that needs to be diagnosed as soon as possible. We hope this study may help students and clinicians in managing or planning treatment in early detection and prevention.

	2018	Journal of International Dental and Medical Research
Flaxseed is a natural product with a wide array of anticancer, antibacterial, antiviral and also antifungal properties. Flaxseed extracts; either oil or water based can be incorporated into pharmaceutical compounds to be used in clinical setting. This study aims to compare the in-vitro antifungal effectiveness of flaxseed extract against the commonly used synthetic compound, Nystatin. Methodically, antifungal effectiveness of flaxseed extract and Nystatin was tested upon the Candida albicans culture growth in petri dishes. Disc diffusion method was performed and the zones of inhibition around the disc within each petri dish were measured after 48 hours of incubation period. Oil-based and water-based flaxseed extract types were evaluated using disc diffusion method at different volume per disc (5µl, 10µl and 15µl) and its result was compared to Nystatin's effectiveness. The principle result shows that the oil-based extract exhibited no antifungal activity despite of the increasing quantity used. Interestingly the comparison of mean value for candidal growth inhibition diameter between flaxseed aqueous extract and Nystatin was significant based on p-value less than 0.05. Clearly, Candida albicans growth diameter mean value was greater with higher increment of flaxseed aqueous extract when compared to the Nystatin 100 units control test. The greatest zone of inhibition was seen with 15μl of flaxseed aqueous extract. Thus, water-based flaxseed extract has a great potential to be used as a clinical product to control oral fungal infection while eliminating the unwanted side effects commonly occurring with synthetic products.

	2018	European Journal of Dentistry
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between tooth loss and the level of blood pressure with the hypothesis that tooth loss is associated with the increase of hypertension in postmenopausal women. Materials and Methods: Sixty postmenopausal female patients aged 51–68 years were included in the study to assess the relationship between tooth loss and the level of blood pressure. The information including sociodemographics, last menstruation period, hypertension history, and the duration of having tooth loss was recorded. Blood pressure was measured using sphygmomanometer and the number of tooth loss was determined. Results: The results showed a more significant tooth loss in hypertension (median: 23 + 4; interquartile range [IQR]: 6) compared to the normotension postmenopausal women (median: 18 + 6; IQR: 12; P< 0.05). Furthermore, obese patients had more tooth loss (median: 23 + 5; IQR: 8) than the overweight patients (median: 19 + 8; IQR: 8). Conclusion: Tooth loss is associated with the increase of hypertension in postmenopausal women which may have a role in the development of vascular diseases.

	2018	Journal of Dental and Oral Health
Introduction: Oral ulcers are one of the most common complaints of the oral mucosa lesion. Ulcer is defined by damage or discontinuity of the epithelium and lamina propria which usually affects the non-keratinized or poorly keratinized surfaces of the oral mucosa. It is a multifactorial condition several predisposing factors have been suggested. Objectives: The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between the increase in cholesterol level and the presence of recurrent oral ulcer. Materials and Methods: A case control study was conducted in oral medicine clinic Kulliyyah of Dentistry International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang. Convenience sampling was used to select the sample devided into 2 groups patient with recurrent oral ulcer (ROU) (male and female) and control. Patients who fulfilled the criteria were selected. Blood cholesterol and blood pressure of both groups were mesured and recorded. Data analysis was done using independent t-test by, SPSS version 20 for Windows. Results: Cholesterol level was significantly higher in patient with recurrent oral ulcer (6.32 ± 0.45mmol) compared to control group (4.97 ± 0.28mmol) (p<0.05). t(46) = 2.75, p = 0.008.It is also found that the control group had statistically significantly lower S.BP (113.77 ± 2.93 mmHg) compared to the subject group (126.62 ± 3.61 mmHg), t(46) = 2.75, p = 0.008. Conclusions: This study emphasizes that high cholesterol level is highly associated with ROU.

	2018	Journal of International Dental and Medical Research
Dry socket is one of the most common post-operative complications following extraction of permanent teeth. The aetiology of dry socket is a subject of debate; it is probably multifactorial. However, its pathogenesis remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of dry socket following extraction of permanent teeth at Dental Polyclinic of Kulliyyah (Faculty) of Dentistry, International Islamic University Malaysia. Retrospective reviews of records of 3,452 extractions of permanent teeth for various reasons from June 2009 to July 2012, were studied. Information regarding biography of the patient, indications for extraction, extraction site (upper or lower arch), extraction technique and procedure were retrieved and analysed. There were 3,452 dental extractions carried out within the study period. The overall prevalence of dry socket was 1.13%. The prevalence of dry socket with regard to gender was 1.3% in males, and 1% in females. The peak prevalence (2.24%) was in the group of patients aged below 20 years. The prevalence of dry socket cases recorded from surgical removal of impacted teeth group was 5.8%. Data evaluation based on site of extraction showed that the prevalence in the upper jaw was less (0.98%) than that in the lower jaw (1.26%). Following surgical extractions, the prevalence of dry socket was 6.88%, while in simple extraction, the prevalence was 0.77%. These results strongly suggest that the aetiology of dry socket is multifactorial, and that the healing potential of the patient ultimately determines the severity and duration of the condition. The incidence of dry socket was higher in male patients, age group of 21 – 30 years, extractions due to caries, extraction of lower teeth, and in surgical extractions.

	2016	IIUM Medical Journal Malaysia
Introduction: The aim of this study is to determine the success rate of the endodontically treated teeth in patients attending the Polyclinic, Kulliyyah of Dentistry IIUM from 2012 to 2015. Methods: A retrospective study involved endodontically treated teeth of patients attending the Polyclinic, Kulliyyah of Dentistry IIUM from 2012 to 2015. Clinical and radiographic data were recorded and classified as successful or failed, and further analyzed by Fisher’s exact test to measure the correlation between the variables by using SPSS software version 16.0. Kappa test was used to measure the overall relationship between clinical and radiographic findings. Results: The overall success rate of the endodontically treated teeth is 85% (n= 51). Correlation between the variables showed no significant (p> 0.05) in the success rate among age groups, between gender, diagnosis and race at the time of treatment, between upper and lower arches, and between anterior and posterior tooth. Correlation between the variable of post-endodontic fixed restorations showed statistically significant in the success rate (p< 0.05). Conclusions: High success rate 85% among patients with no signs and symptoms and with no radiographic changes of post-endodontic fixed restorations. Age, gender and race have no significant relations on the success rate of endodontically treated teeth.

	2018	World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
ABSTRACT Introduction: Flaxseed from the flax plant (Linum usitatissimum), which has been cultivated for domestic use since prehistoric times. This study aims to investigate presence of antibacterial effect of flaxseed extract against selected oral pathogen in-vitro. Materials and Methods: This is a laboratory experimental in vitro study using selected oral pathogens cultured in nutrient agar. The pathogens then were inoculated in nutrient based broth and incubation for 24hours. Flaxseed extract efficacy was tested by measurement of the zone of inhibition. The antibacterial activities were compared with streptomycin as positive control and DMSO as negative control. The statistical analysis was done by using SPSS. Results: There is positive antibacterial effects of flaxseed extract against Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus Pyogenes, Pseudomona Aerigenosa and was comparable in efficacy to that of Streptomycin. Conclusion: This study concludes that flaxseed extract has antibacterial activity ageist selective oral pathogens. The implication of this result will be useful in propagating the use of natural based product as therapeutic drug against the chemical synthetic products. This study recommends the use of natural herbal product to have the equal potential while negating the unwanted side effects towards humans’ body.

	2018	Journal of International Dental and Medical Research
The prevalence of Recurrent Aphthous Ulcer (RAU) is varied in different regions of the world. There is insufficient survey in prevalence of RAU in Malaysia as the only latest figure available is about 18 years ago. This study aimed to measure the prevalence of RAU in patients attending Dental Clinic-college of dentistry within 5 academic years and to know the distribution and relation of RAU based on the most common type of RAU, gender, race and age range. A retrospective cross-sectional study based on the confirmed case of RAU from the students’ Oral Medicine logbooks and case sheets from the attended patients’ folder to Oral Medicine Dental Clinic- college of dentistry from academic year 2012/2013 to 2016/2017. 160 patients were diagnosed of RAU.0.42% of prevalence among the total patients was found to have RAU. As compared between the Oral Medicine cases, patients that were diagnosed with RAU shows prevalence of 11.13%. The most common type was minor RAU (96.9%), followed by major (3.1%) and no patient was presented with herpetiform type. Based on gender, females showed more predilection of RAU compared to males with 60.6%. Age range of 20-29 showed the highest percentage of 71.3 % and Malay showed the most common race of RAU compared to Chinese and Indian which was 97.4%. The results indicate there is a relation between the type of RAU, age, gender, race and with the prevalence of RAU. Further studies should include larger sample size with a wider range of populations.

	2012	European Journal of Scientific Research
The dental intra-oral camera has made a significant input in dental treatment .it allows the dentist and the patient to get a close-up look at areas of special interest in the patient's mouth.( As a dental friend once remarked... "to see is to know... to not see is to guess"). When we can "see “a defect filling on a monitor it becomes apparent what needs to be done. It then expanded in almost to be use in several clinical specialties (Haak.R2000). The biggest hurdle is patient’s acceptance treatment is that they often do not understand the dental condition affecting them. With an intraoral digital camera, patient education is simplified by being able to help the patient see what the dental professional see (Erten H, 2006). Newer intraoral cameras have USB connections, making them portable and easy to link to your existing network. With bright LED or halogen light sources, these intraoral digital cameras also allow to visualize more, helping you to diagnose carious tooth or fractured fillings which the naked eye may be mistake with, by the introduction of Intraoral cameras this is now totally possible. Dental and gingival conditions can be shown and the available dental treatment alternatives can be discussed. The bottom line is extra and intra-oral imaging is... patient can see what doctor sees". There is nothing better than having both the doctor and the patient on the same page and understand what needs to be done. These photographs help you make an informed decision on how you would like to proceed with your dental treatment.

	2009
Secondary Sjogrens syndrome (sSs) is one of the autoimmune diseases that are covered by a big term Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA). Estrogen level was measured for both secondary Sjogrens syndrome (sSs) and control females, anti Ro (SSA) & anti La (SSB) tests were also measured for sSs patients. the aim of this study was to find out the relation between the elevation in estrogen level and one of the serious autoimmune diseases which is Ss especially in the secondary type (in the presence of the positive results of SSA &SSB) and to clarify the reason of the high incidence of this disease in female than in male. Twenty nine females patients age range (25-40) suffering from sSs and twenty control (healthy females age between 20-35) were involved in this study. This study showed that estrogen level was significantly higher (p≤0.01) in sSs patients comparing to normal control group, with higher percentage of positive results in anti-Ro (SSA) compared to anti- La (SSB). Increase of estrogen level in sSs female may be the explanation of high incidence of sSs in females. Accordingly, Anti-Ro cause antibodies are more specific to sSs patients than anti- La.

	2005	J college dentistry
As the exact etiology of recurrent aphthous ulcer (RAU) remains unknown, therapeutic measures are challenging and difficult and might be used for palliation and directed primarily at pain reduction and decreasing the duration of the ulcers. Low level laser therapy use in based on the concept that certain doses of specific wavelengths can turn on or off certain cellular components or functions as well as aid in healing and reducing pain and swelling of oral lesions. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical effect of low energy Gallium-Arsenide semiconductor diode laser, 904 nm, continuos mode, on the healing process of recurrent aphthous ulceration and oral ulceration in Behcet’s disease. This study was performed on 51 patients, age range 12-58 years, with RAU lesions irradiated by laser into two doses (in alternative day), and divided into the following groups:  Control group: RAU patients without any treatment.  Group one: RAU in Behcet’s disease irradiated with 1.5 Joule laser.  Group two: RAU only, irradiated with 1.5 Joule laser.  Group three: RAU only, irradiated with 2.1 Joule laser. The results obtained account for duration of lesions, size measurement, pain symptoms, and presence of erythema in three visits. The clinical results showed that no difference in the healing process of RAU and oral ulcer in Behcet’s disease when compared with the control group after low level laser therapy, however when the lesion is less than 24 hours old, it was healed faster than control group. In addition to that, pain symptoms disappear soon after laser therapy, or it regains in low intensity. Statistically there is no significant difference on comparison between 1.5 Joule and 2.1 Joule of laser irradiation.

	2015	Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology

المؤلفات

	2017	IIUM Press, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur

	2011	IIUM Press, Kuala Lumpur, pp. 53-65. ISBN 9789670225845

	2011	IIUM Press, Kuala Lumpur, pp. 59-64. ISBN 9789674180409

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